Heat and athletes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment of hypovolemia dehydration in children. Sterns RH.
Etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of volume depletion in adults. Marx JA, et al. Heat-related emergencies. Freedman S. Oral rehydration therapy. Thomas DT, et al. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Takahashi PY expert opinion. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Hoecker JL expert opinion. Related Associated Procedures Urinalysis.
Mayo Clinic Press Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Anthropogenic causes of pH fluctuations are usually related to pollution. Acid rain is one of the best known examples of human influence on the pH of water. Any form of precipitation with a pH level less than 5. This precipitation comes from the reaction of water with nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and other acidic compounds, lowering its already slightly acidic pH.
These chemicals can come from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge or industrial runoff. Wastewater discharge that contains detergents and soap-based products can cause a water source to become too basic. Typical pH levels vary due to environmental influences, particularly alkalinity. The alkalinity of water varies due to the presence of dissolved salts and carbonates, as well as the mineral composition of the surrounding soil.
The recommended pH range for most fish is between 6. Oceanic organisms like clownfish and coral require higher pH levels. Sensitive freshwater species such as salmon prefer pH levels between 7. Natural precipitation, both rain and snow, has a pH near 5.
Most grasses and legumes prefer soils with a pH of 4. The acidity of the surrounding environment can also affect the pH of water. This is most obvious near mining areas, but the effect can also occur naturally. This may be tolerable for some aquatic species such as frogs but not for most fish. Some frogs and other amphibians can often tolerate pH levels as low as 4.
That is why angel fish and discus from the Amazon River Basin can thrive quite happily in waters with a pH as low as 5. Seawater has a pH around 8. In deeper lakes where stratification layering occurs, the pH of water is generally higher 7.
Some states, such as Alaska, are attempting to maintain a pH standard for water quality. These layers are separated by clines, known as thermoclines temperature divides or chemoclines chemistry gradients.
Chemoclines can be based on oxygen, salinity, or other chemical factors that do not cross the cline, such as carbon dioxide.
Differences in pH levels between water strata are due to increased CO2 from respiration and decomposition below the thermocline. In crater lakes such as Lake Nyos or Lake Monoun, the pH rapidly drops from a surface level around 7 to 5.
This significant drop comes from the saturated CO2 that is stored up in the lower strata of the lake. While ideal pH levels for fish are fish blood has a pH of 7. A dramatic fluctuation is considered a shift in pH of 1. For saltwater fish, the pH of water should remain between 7. Harmful effects become noticeable when the pH of water falls below 5.
Ill effects due to acidification are more pronounced in saltwater fish due to their adaptation to a higher pH. In general, fish reproduction is affected at pH levels below 5. Fish begin to die when pH falls below 4. As the level of hydrogen ions increases, metal cations such as aluminum, lead, copper and cadmium are released into the water instead of being absorbed into the sediment.
As the concentrations of heavy metals increase, their toxicity also increases. Aluminum can limit growth and reproduction while increasing mortality rates at concentrations as low as 0. On the other side of the spectrum, high pH levels can damage gills and skin of aquatic organisms and cause death at levels over While some african cichlids thrive at high pH levels up to 9. Death can occur even at typical levels 9.
At low and neutral pH levels, ammonia combines with water to produce an ammonium ion:. Dialysis is where a machine replicates kidney function, from an early age until they can receive a kidney transplant. A person only needs 1 kidney to survive, so a living person can donate a kidney. Ideally, this should be a close relative.
Page last reviewed: 28 February Next review due: 28 February Nephrotic syndrome in children. Around 1 in every 50, children are diagnosed with the condition each year. What problems can it cause? Some of the main symptoms associated with nephrotic syndrome include: swelling — the low level of protein in the blood reduces the flow of water from body tissues back into the blood vessels, leading to swelling oedema.
Swelling is usually first noticed around the eyes, then around the lower legs and the rest of the body. When these are lost, children are much more likely to get infections. Some children with nephrotic syndrome may also pass less urine than usual during relapses. This can increase their risk of potentially serious blood clots.
During a relapse, the blood also becomes more concentrated, which can lead to clotting. Causes of nephrotic syndrome Most children with nephrotic syndrome have "minimal change disease". The cause of minimal change disease is unknown. Nephrotic syndrome can sometimes occur as a result of a kidney problem or another condition, such as: glomerulosclerosis — when the inside of the kidney becomes scarred glomerulonephritis — inflammation inside the kidney an infection — such as HIV or hepatitis lupus diabetes sickle cell anaemia in very rare cases, certain types of cancer — such as leukaemia , multiple myeloma or lymphoma These problems tend to be more common in adults with nephrotic syndrome.
Diagnosing nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome can usually be diagnosed after dipping a dipstick into a urine sample. Managing nephrotic syndrome The main treatment for nephrotic syndrome is steroids, but additional treatments may also be used if a child develops significant side effects.
Most children have relapses until their late teens and need to take steroids when these occur. Steroids Children diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome for the first time are normally prescribed at least a 4-week course of the steroid medicine prednisolone, followed by a smaller dose every other day for 4 more weeks.
When prednisolone is prescribed for short periods, there are usually no serious or long-lasting side effects, although some children may experience: increased appetite weight gain red cheeks mood changes Most children respond well to treatment with prednisolone, with the protein often disappearing from their urine and the swelling going down within a few weeks. Diuretics Tablets that help you pee more diuretics may also be given to help reduce the fluid build-up.
Penicillin Penicillin is an antibiotic, and may be prescribed during relapses to reduce the chances of an infection. Dietary changes You may be advised to reduce the amount of salt in your child's diet to prevent further water retention and oedema. This means avoiding processed foods and not adding salt to what you eat.
Get tips on how to cut down on salt Vaccinations Children with nephrotic syndrome are advised to have the pneumococcal vaccine.
Additional medication Other medications may be used alongside or in place of steroids if your child's remission cannot be maintained with steroids or they experience significant side effects. Additional medications that may be used include: levamisole cyclophosphamide ciclosporin tacrolimus mycophenolate rituximab Albumin infusions Most of the protein lost in nephrotic syndrome is a type called albumin.
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